Best Cities In The UK For Expats To Start A Business In 2025: Unlocking Opportunities

Best Cities in the UK for Expats to Start a Business in 2025 sets the stage for exciting possibilities in the entrepreneurial landscape. As we delve into the top cities, business climates, and growth opportunities, a world of potential awaits.

This exploration will provide valuable insights into the infrastructure, connectivity, and quality of life considerations for expat entrepreneurs looking to thrive in the UK.

Identifying the Best Cities in the UK for Expats to Start a Business in 2025

In recent years, the UK has become a hub for expat entrepreneurs looking to establish successful businesses. The following cities stand out as the best destinations for expats to start a business in 2025 due to their vibrant business climate, strong infrastructure, and supportive ecosystems.

London

London, the capital city of the UK, is a melting pot of cultures and offers a diverse and inclusive environment for expat entrepreneurs. The city boasts a robust financial sector, access to international markets, and a wealth of networking opportunities. With its thriving tech scene and innovative startups, London continues to be a top choice for expats looking to launch their businesses.

Manchester

Manchester has emerged as a key player in the UK’s startup ecosystem, offering lower living costs compared to London while still providing access to a talented workforce and excellent connectivity. The city’s strong cultural scene, vibrant community of creatives, and growing tech industry make it an attractive destination for expat entrepreneurs seeking growth opportunities.

Birmingham

Birmingham, known as the “City of a Thousand Trades,” has a long history of entrepreneurship and innovation. The city’s central location, affordable office spaces, and access to a skilled workforce make it an ideal choice for expats looking to establish their businesses. Birmingham’s diverse population and welcoming atmosphere create a supportive environment for expat entrepreneurs to thrive.

Bristol

Bristol has gained recognition for its sustainability initiatives, creative industries, and strong sense of community. The city’s focus on innovation, coupled with its proximity to universities and research institutions, provides expat entrepreneurs with ample opportunities for collaboration and growth. Bristol’s inclusive culture and supportive networks make it a promising city for expats to start a business in 2025.

Economic Factors Impacting Expat Business Success

Starting a business as an expat in the UK requires careful consideration of various economic factors that can impact the success of the venture. From the economic stability of the cities to tax regulations, access to funding, and cost of living, each aspect plays a crucial role in determining the feasibility and profitability of the business.

Economic Stability and Growth Potential

The economic stability and growth potential of a city are essential for expat entrepreneurs looking to establish a business. Cities like London, Manchester, and Birmingham are known for their strong economies and diverse business opportunities. These cities offer a competitive market, access to a skilled workforce, and a supportive business environment, making them attractive options for expats.

Tax Regulations and Incentives

Understanding the tax regulations and incentives for expat entrepreneurs is crucial for financial planning and business sustainability. Cities like Edinburgh and Bristol offer favorable tax incentives for startups, including tax breaks, grants, and other financial support programs. These incentives can significantly reduce the financial burden on expat businesses and encourage growth and innovation.

Access to Funding and Investment Opportunities

Access to funding, investment opportunities, and financial resources is vital for the growth and expansion of expat businesses. Cities like Glasgow and Leeds have a thriving investment ecosystem with venture capital firms, angel investors, and government funding schemes. Expats can leverage these resources to secure funding for their business ventures, fueling growth and innovation in the long run.

Cost of Living and Business Operational Expenses

The cost of living, affordability, and business operational expenses play a significant role in the overall financial health of a business. Cities like Cardiff and Newcastle offer a lower cost of living compared to larger metropolitan areas, making them attractive for expat entrepreneurs looking to minimize expenses. Understanding the cost structure of each city is crucial for budgeting and financial planning to ensure sustainable business operations.

Infrastructure and Connectivity for Expat Businesses

When considering the best cities in the UK for expats to start a business in 2025, it’s essential to evaluate the infrastructure and connectivity available in each city. From transportation networks to digital connectivity, these factors play a crucial role in the success of expat businesses.

Transportation Networks

• Assess the availability and efficiency of public transportation, major highways, and airports in each city to facilitate the movement of goods and people.

Digital Connectivity

• Evaluate the reliability and speed of internet services, availability of 5G networks, and access to technology hubs to ensure seamless operations for expat businesses.

Access to International Markets

• Analyze the presence of free trade zones, shipping ports, and ease of import/export procedures to assess the accessibility of international markets for expat businesses.

Co-Working Spaces and Startup Incubators

• Identify the number of co-working spaces, amenities offered, and proximity to business districts for expats seeking collaborative workspaces.
• Provide information on top startup incubators, their success rates, and mentorship programs available to support expat entrepreneurs.

Networking Opportunities and Ease of Doing Business

• Detail industry events, business conferences, and professional networking groups to facilitate connections for expat entrepreneurs.
• Outline the steps required to register a business, obtain permits, and navigate local regulations to ensure a smooth process for expat businesses.

Technology Readiness and Innovation Ecosystem

• Assess the adoption of emerging technologies, presence of tech companies, and support for digital innovation to gauge the technology readiness of each city.
• Research funding opportunities, collaboration between academia and industry, and support for research and development initiatives to evaluate the innovation ecosystem in each city.

Quality of Life Considerations for Expats

When considering the best cities in the UK for expats to start a business in 2025, it is crucial to evaluate the quality of life aspects that can significantly impact the success and well-being of expat entrepreneurs and their families.

Healthcare, Education, and Housing Options

• Access to quality healthcare services, including public and private healthcare facilities, is essential for expats and their families.
• Evaluating the availability and standard of education, such as international schools or universities, is crucial for expats with children.
• Assessing the housing options, including rental costs, property prices, and neighborhood amenities, is vital for expats looking to establish a comfortable living environment.

Safety, Security, and Overall Quality of Life

• Ensuring a safe and secure environment for expats and their families is paramount for peace of mind and business continuity.
• Measuring the overall quality of life factors, such as work-life balance, healthcare accessibility, and cultural integration, can contribute to the well-being and satisfaction of expat entrepreneurs.

Recreational and Leisure Activities

• Exploring the recreational and leisure opportunities available in the city, such as parks, sports facilities, cultural events, and dining options, can enhance the expat experience and promote a healthy lifestyle.
• Considering family-friendly activities and entertainment options is important for expats relocating with children to ensure a well-rounded lifestyle.

Environmental Sustainability and Green Initiatives

• Examining the city’s environmental sustainability practices, such as recycling programs, green spaces, renewable energy initiatives, and eco-friendly transportation options, can appeal to expats who prioritize sustainability and eco-conscious living.
• Supporting green initiatives and environmentally friendly policies can contribute to a healthier and more sustainable living environment for expats and the local community.

Cultural Diversity and Community Support

In a diverse and inclusive environment, expats thrive when they feel welcomed and supported by the local community. Cultural diversity plays a crucial role in creating a vibrant atmosphere for expat businesses to flourish.

Inclusivity and Multiculturalism

• Local communities that embrace diversity and multiculturalism create a welcoming environment for expats to start and grow their businesses.
• Opportunities for cultural exchange and collaboration with people from different backgrounds enrich the business landscape.
• Support groups and networking events specifically catered to expats help in building connections and fostering a sense of community.

Language Barriers and Cultural Integration

• Language barriers can be overcome through language programs and services tailored for expats, enabling effective communication in a multicultural setting.
• Cultural integration programs and initiatives help expats adapt to the local customs and traditions, promoting a harmonious coexistence within the community.
• Expat-friendly services such as translation assistance and cultural orientation workshops facilitate a smoother transition for foreign residents.

Government Support and Policies

• Local governments that implement policies supporting expat businesses create a conducive environment for international entrepreneurs to thrive.
• Incentives, grants, and regulatory frameworks designed to attract foreign investment contribute to the growth of expat-owned enterprises.
• Clear guidelines and transparent procedures make it easier for expats to navigate the regulatory landscape and establish their businesses successfully.

Education and Healthcare Services

• Access to international schools with diverse curricula and language programs ensures quality education for expat children, promoting their academic and personal development.
• Healthcare services with multilingual staff and tailored expat healthcare plans cater to the diverse medical needs of foreign residents, enhancing their well-being.

Housing and Financial Services

• Housing options located near international communities and amenities provide expats with a sense of belonging and convenience in their daily lives.
• Specialized financial services such as expat banking solutions and tax assistance help foreign residents manage their finances effectively and comply with local regulations.

Safety Measures and Emergency Protocols

• Expat neighborhoods or compounds with robust safety measures and emergency protocols ensure the well-being and security of foreign residents in case of unforeseen events.
• Community awareness programs and emergency response training contribute to creating a safe environment for expats to live and operate their businesses.

Industries and Sectors Thriving in UK Cities for Expats

In the UK, expats looking to start a business can benefit from thriving industries and sectors that offer opportunities for growth and success. These industries not only provide a strong market demand but also foster innovation and collaboration with local businesses.

Key Industries and Sectors

• Technology and Innovation: Cities like London, Manchester, and Bristol are known for their vibrant tech scenes, with a focus on AI, fintech, and cybersecurity.
• Finance and Banking: London remains a global financial hub, attracting expats in finance, investment banking, and wealth management.
• Healthcare and Life Sciences: Cities like Cambridge and Oxford are renowned for their biotech and pharmaceutical sectors, offering opportunities for expats in research and development.

Innovation Hubs and Industry Clusters

• Startup Accelerators: London’s Tech City, Manchester’s MediaCityUK, and Cambridge’s Silicon Fen are renowned for supporting startups and fostering innovation.
• Industry Clusters: Birmingham’s Jewellery Quarter, Edinburgh’s fintech cluster, and Liverpool’s creative industries hub provide a collaborative environment for businesses to thrive.

Local Market Demand

• Expats can tap into the growing demand for niche products and services in areas like sustainable fashion, organic food, and eco-friendly technology.
• There is also a rising interest in experiential services such as wellness retreats, personalized coaching, and cultural experiences.

Collaboration and Partnerships

• Expats can explore collaboration opportunities with local businesses through joint ventures, co-working spaces, and networking events.
• Partnerships with universities, research institutions, and industry associations can also help expats expand their reach and access new markets.

Cost of Living and Visa Requirements

• Cities like London and Edinburgh have higher living costs compared to Manchester and Birmingham, making them more challenging for expats on a budget.
• Visa and work permit requirements vary depending on the industry, with tech and healthcare sectors often having special visa schemes for skilled workers.

Networking and Professional Development

• Expats can take advantage of networking events, industry conferences, and workshops to build connections and enhance their skills.
• Professional development opportunities such as courses, certifications, and mentoring programs can help expats stay competitive in their field.

Legal and Regulatory Framework for Expat Entrepreneurs

When considering starting a business in the UK as an expat, it is crucial to understand the legal and regulatory framework that governs business operations. This includes aspects such as business registration, visas, work permits, intellectual property rights protection, labor laws, and dispute resolution mechanisms.

Business Registration Process

Registering a business in the UK involves choosing a business structure, registering with the appropriate authorities, and complying with tax regulations. Expats need to ensure they follow the necessary steps and meet the requirements to establish their businesses legally.

Visas and Work Permits for Expats

Expats looking to start a business in the UK may need to obtain the relevant visas and work permits to legally operate. Understanding the immigration rules and requirements for entrepreneurs is essential to avoid any legal issues in the future.

Intellectual Property Rights Protection

Protecting intellectual property rights is vital for expat entrepreneurs to safeguard their innovations, brands, and creations. Familiarizing themselves with the UK’s intellectual property laws and regulations can help expats navigate the legal landscape effectively.

Labor Laws and Employment Regulations

Compliance with labor laws and employment regulations is crucial for expat businesses operating in the UK. Understanding employee rights, working conditions, and other labor-related aspects is essential to maintain a harmonious work environment.

Dispute Resolution Mechanisms

Having access to efficient dispute resolution mechanisms is important for expat entrepreneurs in case conflicts or legal issues arise. Understanding the legal support available and the process for resolving disputes can help expats protect their business interests.

Education and Talent Pool for Expat Businesses

Education and a skilled talent pool are vital for the success of expat businesses in the UK. Let’s delve into the factors that contribute to a thriving workforce for expat ventures.

Availability of Skilled Workforce and Recruitment Options

Having access to a skilled workforce is crucial for expat businesses to thrive. The UK offers a diverse pool of talent with varying expertise and backgrounds, making it easier for expat entrepreneurs to find the right candidates for their ventures.

Educational Institutions and Training Programs

• The UK boasts top-tier educational institutions and research centers that provide high-quality training programs relevant to different industries. This ensures that expat businesses can tap into a well-educated workforce.
• Vocational training programs also play a significant role in preparing individuals for specific roles within expat businesses, helping bridge the skills gap in the workforce.

Language Proficiency and Cross-Cultural Communication Skills

Effective communication is key for the success of expat businesses. The UK’s culturally diverse environment fosters language proficiency and cross-cultural communication skills, enabling expat entrepreneurs to engage with a global workforce.

Government Initiatives and Skill Development

• The government in the UK actively supports education and skill development through various initiatives, providing incentives for businesses to invest in training programs for their employees.
• Partnerships between educational institutions and businesses facilitate knowledge transfer and skills development, enhancing the talent pool available to expat ventures.

Onboarding and Integration of Expat Employees

Successful onboarding and integration of expat employees into the local workforce require careful planning and support. Companies that prioritize this process create a conducive environment for expat employees to thrive and contribute effectively to the business.

Market Entry Strategies for Expats in the UK

When considering starting a business in the UK as an expat, it is crucial to develop effective market entry strategies to ensure success in a competitive environment. By evaluating different approaches such as joint ventures, acquisitions, or partnerships, expat entrepreneurs can determine the most suitable method to enter the UK market.

Comparing Market Entry Strategies

• Joint ventures: Collaborating with a local business can provide access to market knowledge and resources, reducing risks associated with entering a new market.
• Acquisitions: Acquiring an existing UK-based company can fast-track market entry and establish a presence in the market quickly.
• Partnerships: Forming strategic partnerships with local businesses or organizations can help leverage existing networks and customer bases.

Competition Analysis and Market Research

• Conducting thorough market research is essential to understand the competitive landscape, identify target markets, and assess demand for products or services.
• Analyzing competitors’ strengths and weaknesses can help expats differentiate their offerings and create a unique value proposition.
• Segmenting customers based on demographics, behavior, or preferences can enable targeted marketing strategies and customized product offerings.

Marketing Channels and Customer Acquisition

• Utilizing online and offline marketing channels such as social media, SEO, and traditional advertising can help reach a wider audience and drive customer engagement.
• Developing strong branding strategies that resonate with the target market can enhance brand visibility and attract loyal customers.
• Implementing effective customer acquisition tactics like promotions, discounts, or referral programs can stimulate initial sales and foster customer loyalty.

Scalability and Long-Term Sustainability

• Considering scalability opportunities from the outset can help expat businesses grow and expand operations as they establish a foothold in the UK market.
• Exploring potential for expansion into new markets or diversification of product/service offerings can contribute to long-term sustainability and business growth.
• Developing a comprehensive business plan that outlines clear goals, strategies, and milestones can guide expat entrepreneurs towards sustainable growth and success.

Technology and Innovation Ecosystem for Expat Startups

The technology and innovation ecosystem plays a crucial role in the success of expat startups. It provides essential support, resources, and opportunities for entrepreneurs to thrive in a foreign market.

Top 5 Tech Hubs Worldwide for Expat Startups

• Silicon Valley, USA: Known as the global hub for tech innovation, Silicon Valley is home to major tech giants, venture capitalists, and innovative startups.
• London, UK: With a vibrant tech scene and access to funding, London attracts expat startups looking to scale their businesses internationally.
• Tel Aviv, Israel: Renowned for its cybersecurity and artificial intelligence startups, Tel Aviv offers a dynamic ecosystem for expat entrepreneurs.
• Berlin, Germany: A hotspot for tech startups, Berlin provides a supportive environment with numerous accelerators, co-working spaces, and networking events.
• Singapore: Positioned as a leading tech hub in Asia, Singapore offers a strategic location, government support, and access to a diverse talent pool for expat startups.

Key Players in the Startup Ecosystem

In each tech hub, expat startups can benefit from accelerators like Y Combinator in Silicon Valley, Techstars in London, TheHive in Tel Aviv, Project A in Berlin, and Antler in Singapore. Incubators such as Station F in Paris and Factory Berlin in Germany also provide valuable resources for early-stage startups.

Government Support and Regulatory Environment

Silicon Valley benefits from a supportive regulatory environment, tax incentives, and government programs like the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program. London offers tax relief schemes, such as the Enterprise Investment Scheme (EIS) and Seed Enterprise Investment Scheme (SEIS), to encourage investment in startups.

Networking Opportunities and Funding Options

Expat startups can connect with potential partners and investors through industry events like TechCrunch Disrupt, Web Summit, DLD Tel Aviv, Tech Open Air, and Innovfest Unbound. Funding options include grants from organizations like Innovate UK, crowdfunding platforms like Kickstarter, and corporate partnerships with companies seeking innovation.

Legal Framework for Intellectual Property Rights

Intellectual property rights are protected in tech hubs through patents, trademarks, and copyrights. Startups can navigate the legal landscape with the help of intellectual property law firms and organizations like the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

Role of Universities and Research Institutions

Universities and research institutions play a crucial role in fostering innovation and talent development for expat startups. Collaborations with academic institutions can lead to breakthrough technologies, research grants, and access to skilled professionals.

Cultural Challenges and Opportunities

Expat entrepreneurs may encounter cultural challenges when operating in a foreign tech ecosystem, such as language barriers, communication styles, and business etiquette. However, these challenges present opportunities for cross-cultural learning, diversity of perspectives, and global market expansion.

Sustainability and Green Initiatives in UK Cities

In recent years, sustainability and green initiatives have become crucial aspects of urban development in major UK cities. These initiatives aim to reduce environmental impact, promote energy efficiency, and create a more eco-friendly environment for residents and businesses alike.

Evaluation of Sustainability Initiatives in Major UK Cities

• London, Manchester, and Birmingham have implemented various sustainability initiatives such as promoting public transportation, investing in renewable energy projects, and encouraging green building practices.
• These cities have set ambitious targets to reduce carbon emissions, increase recycling rates, and create green spaces for their residents.

Renewable Energy Projects in UK Cities

• Specific renewable energy projects like solar panel installations on rooftops, wind farms in rural areas, and hydroelectric power generation have been implemented in London, Manchester, and Birmingham.
• These projects contribute to reducing reliance on fossil fuels, lowering carbon emissions, and promoting a more sustainable energy mix.

Green Certifications for Buildings and Businesses

• Various green certifications such as BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method) and LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) are available for buildings, businesses, and organizations in the UK.
• These certifications recognize sustainable practices, energy efficiency, and environmental stewardship in the built environment.

Impact of Environmental Policies on Urban Development

• Environmental policies in the UK play a significant role in shaping urban development and infrastructure planning by promoting sustainable practices, reducing carbon footprint, and enhancing resilience to climate change.
• These policies influence decisions related to transportation, waste management, energy efficiency, and green spaces in cities.

Waste Management Systems in UK Cities

• Different UK cities have implemented varied waste management systems focusing on recycling, composting, and waste-to-energy technologies to reduce landfill waste and promote a circular economy.
• Efforts to minimize waste generation, increase recycling rates, and divert waste from landfills have been key priorities for sustainable urban development.

Carbon Footprint Reduction in UK Cities

• Through sustainability measures like energy-efficient buildings, public transportation, and renewable energy projects, UK cities have successfully reduced their carbon footprint, contributing to global efforts to combat climate change.
• Calculating the carbon footprint reduction achieved through these initiatives provides valuable insights into the environmental impact of sustainable practices.

Networking and Collaboration Opportunities for Expats

In today’s global business landscape, networking and collaboration are crucial for the success of expat entrepreneurs looking to establish businesses in the UK. Let’s explore the various opportunities available for expats in terms of connecting with local businesses and industry players.

Business Networks and Industry Associations

• London Chamber of Commerce and Industry (LCCI)
• Manchester Digital
• Birmingham Chamber of Commerce

Networking Events and Business Matchmaking Platforms

• Networking events like TechCrunch Disrupt in London
• Business matchmaking platforms like Meetup and Eventbrite

Collaboration and Partnership Opportunities

• Opportunities for joint ventures with local businesses in sectors like technology, finance, and healthcare
• Collaboration with universities and research institutions for innovation projects

Mentorship Programs and Accelerators

• Startup accelerators like Seedcamp and Techstars in London
• Mentorship programs offered by organizations like Entrepreneurial Spark

Funding Opportunities for Expat-Led Startups

• Government grants and loans for startups in the UK
• Venture capital firms specializing in expat-led businesses

Legal and Regulatory Support

• Legal advice and support from organizations like the UK Trade & Investment (UKTI)
• Regulatory guidance for expat entrepreneurs from the Department for International Trade

Cultural Awareness Training and Language Proficiency

• Cultural training programs offered by organizations like UK Visas and Immigration
• Language proficiency requirements for effective networking with local businesses

Risk Assessment and Contingency Planning for Expats

When venturing into a new business environment as an expat in the UK, it is crucial to conduct a thorough risk assessment and develop robust contingency plans to mitigate any potential challenges that may arise.

Political Stability, Brexit Implications, and Geopolitical Risks

• Evaluate the current political landscape in the UK, considering factors like stability, regulatory changes, and implications of Brexit on business operations.
• Assess geopolitical risks that may impact your business, such as trade relations, sanctions, and global economic shifts.
• Stay informed about political developments and engage with local experts to understand the implications for your business.

Business Continuity Planning, Risk Management Strategies, and Insurance Options

• Develop a comprehensive business continuity plan that outlines procedures to ensure operations can continue in case of disruptions.
• Implement risk management strategies to identify, assess, and mitigate potential risks to your business.
• Consider investing in suitable insurance coverage to protect your business against unforeseen events like natural disasters, cyber-attacks, or legal disputes.

Cybersecurity Threats, Data Privacy Regulations, and Disaster Recovery Plans

• Address cybersecurity threats by implementing robust security measures, training employees on best practices, and regularly updating systems.
• Adhere to data privacy regulations to protect sensitive information and maintain customer trust.
• Develop a disaster recovery plan to ensure data and operations can be restored quickly in case of emergencies.

Legal Challenges, Compliance Issues, and Contingency Measures

• Understand the legal framework governing businesses in the UK, including regulations related to taxes, employment, and intellectual property.
• Stay compliant with local laws and regulations to avoid legal challenges and penalties that could impact your business.
• Have contingency measures in place to address legal disputes, regulatory changes, or other unforeseen legal challenges that may arise.

Future Trends and Predictions for Expat Entrepreneurship in the UK

The landscape of expat entrepreneurship in the UK is continuously evolving, influenced by various factors such as global events, economic shifts, and technological advancements. In order to succeed in this dynamic environment, expat entrepreneurs need to stay ahead of emerging trends and adapt to the changing business landscape.

Emerging Technologies Shaping Expat Business Landscape

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning: Expats can leverage AI to streamline operations, personalize customer experiences, and make data-driven decisions.
• Blockchain Technology: Secure transactions, smart contracts, and decentralized systems can revolutionize the way expat businesses operate and collaborate.
• Internet of Things (IoT): Connected devices offer opportunities for expat entrepreneurs to enhance productivity, optimize processes, and create innovative solutions.

Impact of Economic Shifts on Expat Startups

• Post-Pandemic Recovery: Expats may need to navigate the aftermath of the pandemic, focusing on resilience, flexibility, and digital transformation.
• Brexit Effects: Changes in regulations, trade agreements, and market access can pose challenges but also open up new opportunities for expat businesses in the UK.
• Green Economy Transition: Expats embracing sustainability and green initiatives can align with the UK’s shift towards a more environmentally friendly business landscape.

Opportunities for Innovation and Diversification

• E-commerce Expansion: Expats can tap into the growing trend of online shopping and digital marketplaces to reach a wider customer base.
• Remote Work Revolution: Virtual collaboration tools and remote work setups present opportunities for expat entrepreneurs to build global teams and operate from anywhere.
• Health-Tech Solutions: The healthcare industry offers fertile ground for innovation, with expats developing digital health solutions and telemedicine services.

Challenges and Strategies for Expat Businesses

• Talent Acquisition: Expats may face challenges in hiring and retaining skilled employees, requiring innovative HR strategies and talent development programs.
• Regulatory Compliance: Navigating complex legal frameworks and compliance requirements demands a proactive approach and legal expertise for expat entrepreneurs.
• Cybersecurity Risks: With the increasing digitization of businesses, expats need to prioritize cybersecurity measures to protect sensitive data and maintain trust with customers.

Final Review

With a focus on innovation, sustainability, and community support, the future shines bright for expats venturing into the UK business scene. As we anticipate evolving trends and challenges, one thing remains clear – the UK is a promising destination for expat entrepreneurs.